The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami History and Its Aftermath

December 26, 2004, seemed like an ordinary Sunday. Fishermen, shopkeepers, Buddhist nuns, medical doctors, and mullahs - all around the Indian Ocean basin, people went about their morning routines. Western tourists on their Christmas holiday flocked to the beaches of Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia, reveling in the warm tropical sun and the blue waters of the sea. Without warning, at 7:58 am, a fault along the seafloor 250 kilometers (155 miles) southeast of Banda Aceh, in the state of Sumatra, Indonesia, suddenly gave way. A magnitude 9.1 underwater earthquake ripped along 1,200 kilometers (750 miles) of the fault, displacing parts of the seabed upward by 20 meters (66 feet), and opening a new rift 10 meters deep (33 feet). This sudden movement released an unimaginable amount of energy - equivalent to approximately 550 million times the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945. When the seafloor shot upward, it caused a series of huge ripples in the Indian Ocean - that is, a tsunami. The people closest to the epicenter had some warning about the unfolding catastrophe - after all, they felt the powerful earthquake. However, tsunamis are uncommon in the Indian Ocean, and people had only about 10 minutes to react. There were no tsunami warnings. Around 8:08 am, the sea suddenly drew back from the earthquake-devastated shores of northern Sumatra. Then, a series of four enormous waves crashed ashore, the highest recorded at 24 meters tall (80 feet). Once the waves hit the shallows, in some places the local geography channeled them into even larger monsters, as much as 30 meters (100 feet) tall. The seawater roared inland, scouring large areas of the Indonesian coastline bare of human structures, and carrying away an estimated 168,000 people to their deaths. An hour later, the waves reached Thailand; still unwarned and unaware of the danger, approximately 8,200 people were caught by the tsunami waters, including 2,500 foreign tourists. The waves overran the low-lying Maldive Islands, killing 108 people there, and then raced on to India and Sri Lanka, where an additional 53,000 perished about two hours after the earthquake. The waves were still 12 meters (40 feet) tall. Finally, the tsunami struck the coast of East Africa some seven hours later. Despite the lapse of time, authorities had no way to warn the people of Somalia, Madagascar, Seychelles, Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa. Energy from the quake in far-off Indonesia carried away approximately 300 to 400 people along Africas Indian Ocean coast, the majority in Somalias Puntland region. The Causation of the Casualties Altogether, an estimated 230,000 to 260,000 people died in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. The quake itself was third-most powerful since 1900, exceeded only by the Great Chilean Earthquake of 1960 (magnitude 9.5), and the 1964 Good Friday Earthquake in Prince William Sound, Alaska (magnitude 9.2); both of those quakes also produced killer tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean basin. The Indian Ocean tsunami was the most deadly in recorded history. Why did so many people die on December 26, 2004? Dense coastal populations combined with a lack of tsunami-warning infrastructure came together to produce this horrific result. Since tsunamis are much more common in the Pacific, that ocean is ringed with tsunami-warning sirens, ready to respond to information from the tsunami-detection buoys arrayed across the area. Although the Indian Ocean is seismically active, it was not wired for tsunami detection in the same way - despite its heavily-populated and low-lying coastal areas. Perhaps the great majority of the 2004 tsunamis victims could not have been saved by buoys and sirens. After all, by far the largest death toll was in Indonesia, where people had just been shaken by the massive quake and had only minutes to find high ground. Yet more than 60,000 people in other countries could have been saved; they would have had at least an hour to move away from the shoreline - if they had had some warning. In the years since 2004, officials have worked hard to install and improve an Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System. Hopefully, this will ensure that the people of the Indian Ocean basin will never again be caught unawares while 100-foot walls of water barrel toward their shores.

Childrens Psychological Adjustment to Entry into...

Childrens Psychological Adjustment to Entry into Kindergarten From an ecological perspective, early childhood development occurs within the multiple contexts of the home, the school, and the neighborhood, and aspects of these environments can contribute to the development of adjustment problems (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). A child’s psychological adjustment to entry into school for the first time can have a significant impact on the level of success achieved later in life. Children rated higher in school adjustment by their elementary school teachers, as a result of improved cognitive development, showed positive attitudes toward school resulting in better school performance which lead to higher educational attainment and lower†¦show more content†¦Reynolds studies in 1996. Reynolds investigated the effects of preschool intervention versus school achievement in the sixth grade. Because of cognitive readiness at kindergarten entry due to preschool, children in the sixth grade showed significantly higher reading and math achievement with a lower incidence of grade retention. Evidence suggests that early school adjustment is positively associated with parental education, socioeconomic status, and children’s ethnicity (Ladd, 1987; Reynolds, 1991). These environmental entry factors are relative to the challenges of school and influence early adaptation. Parental education and income may afford advantages that lead to cognitive maturity prior to entry into kindergarten. A low socioeconomic status may produce increased stress in a family as well as diminished resources, and may influence the child through parenting practices and lack of warmth and acceptance. In American society, certain ethnic minorities have increased risk to psychological problems due to race discrimination and prejudice. This results in a higher amount of behavioral problems and lower academic achievement. These environmental entry factors effect a child’s psychological adjustment indirectly due to the many contributing fac tors to be considered. The socioeconomic status includes many demographic factors including: single parent families or larger families which mean decreased attention toward the child, amount of income orShow MoreRelatedThe Different Stages Of Human Development1617 Words   |  7 Pagesneurological now involve the gradual maturity of the child’s brain growth to its full potential during the juvenile period and mostly complete when they reach their adolescence period (Campbell, 2011). Thompson and Nelson (2011) describe that this is the entry of reasoning where substantial cognitive progress occur, and new behaviors appear. Creating a cognitive stimulated environment is essential for healthy brain developmental growth in childhood such as with learning stimulation (books in home), languageRead More Acceleration Within the School System Essay2524 Words   |  11 Pages Papers on the topic, acceleration within in the school system, have had two very distinct arguments. There are those who believe that accelerating students, enhances their psychological welfare and academic achievements. On the other hand there are those who raise concerns as to whether, accelerating students does negatively affect them in some dimension. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of acceleration in relation to the educational setting, and to discuss the impact (both negativeRead MoreSample Resume : The Heart Of Hollywood 3644 Words   |  15 Pagesfurther prove their commitment to excellence, TCA Arshag Dickranian Armenian School was accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) in the year 2012. TCA Arshag Dickranian Armenian School services students from transitional kindergarten through 12th grade. They have a population of 183 students where 99% of the school population is of Armenian background. Aside from the California state requirements, school-wide guidelines to support student achievement in mathematics includeRead MoreThe Importance of Literacy Attainment in Primary Education5055 Words   |  21 Pageshave used the longitudinal approach. McMichael (1979) assessed Scottish children for behaviour problems and reading readiness at school entry and then two years later assessed reading achievement and behaviour problems. She found that antisocial behaviour problems preceded the later reading difficulties. However, the children with behaviour problems at school entry also had lower reading readiness skills. 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Mission...................................................................................... Children’s Ministries Coordinator .......................................... Children’s Ministries Committee ............................................. Public Affairs and Religious Liberty Department ..Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesLibrary. Sam Grillo, the director, was leaving. The staff had been hoping—praying—for this announcement since he arrived six months ago. Why this rejoicing? Put to a direct question, the staff would have answered, â€Å"Because the man has serious psychological p roblems that interfere with his and our ability to do our jobs.† Asked to elucidate, they would have said that he was timid, supersensitive, and morbidly self-conscious. 1    Introduction This shyness robbed him of all spontaneity and

Chinese Cross-Border Shopping an Empirical Study free essay sample

Therefore, the macro-environments of the shopping area, in addition to economic factors listed in existing models of outshopping, also include commodity tax rate, currency exchange rate, tariff, and hours spent on cross-border shopping trips (Clark, 1994; Crawford et al. , 1999; Ferris, 2000). Clark (1994) developed a conceptual model on cross-border shopping. He hypothesized that the cross-border market size was directly related to population density, per capita income, and market area served by the retail center. The market area measured by travel time is influenced by transfer costs, differential pressure, preference gap, and cultural distance (Clark, 1994). Conceptually, Clark is extending the macro-analytical models of outshopping to estimate the cross-border market size. However, in addition to the environmental variables such as population, income, and traveling distance of the macro-models, he added consumer preference and price differential in his model. Other publishedwork on cross-border shopping mainly followed the micro-analytical approach of outshopping (Piron, 2002; Sullivan Kang, 1997; Wang, 2004). A Proposed Model for Cross-Border Shopping In the current study, we attempt to combine the theoretical perspectives from the macro- and micro-analytical approaches on outshopping as well as on crossborder shopping and develop a new model to analyze the behaviors of crossborder shopping. We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese Cross-Border Shopping: an Empirical Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It incorporates market and consumer characteristics. We contend that the characteristics of the market and of the individual consumer influence cross-border shopping behaviors. We hypothesize that traveling distance and shopping area attributes are the major market characteristics that affect crossborder shopping. Socioeconomic characteristics and motivational characteristics are major consumer characteristics that affect cross-border shopping behavior. Government’s policies on boundary management in Clark’s (1994) model can be measured by consumer’s attitude toward traveling distance. Government’s tax and subsidies policies as well as currency exchange rates polices can be reflected in price level of shops in the retail center. Similarly, government’s policies on mandated standards can be reflected in the product or service variety and quality of shops of the retail center. The factor of income appeared in the macro-models of outshopping and cross-border shopping has been included in the socioeco- Lau et al. / CHINESE CROSS-BORDER SHOPPING 115 Â © 2005 ICHRIE. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution. Downloaded from http://jht. sagepub. com at Universiteitsbibliotheek on July 7, 2008 nomic characteristics of consumer characteristics of our model. Because the model is designed to analyze consumers’ cross-border shopping behavior, not market size of the retail center, we do not include the size of population in this model. The interrelationships of these variables are described in Figure 1. Detailed explanations of our model on cross-border shopping are discussed in the following sections. Hypotheses to Be Tested By incorporating the extant literature discussed above, a number of hypotheses were developed to put to the test with data collected from the HongKong residents on their cross-border shopping behavior in the border city, Shenzhen. Physical factor. Traveling distance has been considered to be one of the major factors that affect outshopping in most of the macro-analytical models (Converse, 1949; Huff, 1964; Reilly, 1931). Traveling costs are particularly important in cross-border shopping. They are part of the transfer costs (Clark, 1994), the costs of getting across a country boundary. The traveling costs include time spent on traveling as well aswaiting in the customs checkpoint. According to Clark (1994), when the transfer costs become large relative to the real price of a product or service, the cross-border market for the product or service will collapse. In other words, if people live further away from a cross-border retail area, they may look for higher compensations. Contrarily, people living close to the border may be more motivated to shop across the border. The effectiveness of boundary manage- 116 JOURNAL OF HOSPITALITY TOURISM RESEARCH Market Characteristics I. Physical Factor Distance II. Shopping Area Attributes Price level Shopping environments Shopping facilities services Product/service variety Product/service quality Consumer Characteristics I. Socio-economic Characteristics Age Income Gender Occupation II. Motivational Characteristics Power and authority Negotiation/Pleasure of bargaining Social experiences Economic motivation Recreation Entertainment Cross-border Shopping Government Policies* Boundary Management Taxes/ Subsidies Currency Exchange Rates Mandated Standard Figure 1 Cross-Border Shopping: An Analytical Model Note: Adapted from Clark (1994). Â © 2005 ICHRIE. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution. Downloaded from http://jht. sagepub. com at Universiteitsbibliotheek on Ju ly 7, 2008 ment may add to or reduce the traveling costs. Because these waiting-time costs will apply to all people crossing the border, if the boundary management is poor it will discourage people living farther away from the border because the total traveling cost is high. Thus, we propose the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 1: People living close to the border are more likely to shop across the border than people living away from the border. Shopping area attributes. The second set of variables to be tested in this crossborder shopping model (Figure 1) is shopping area attributes. Huff (1964) used size of the shopping center to measure the attractiveness of the shopping area. Other researchers add store attributes, market attributes, price, and competition to their store location choice models (Craig et al. , 1984). These attributes are important to retailers because shoppers may be attracted to other retail trading areas for the reasons of dissatisfaction with local shopping area attributes or perceptions that they can find better store attributes elsewhere (Reidenbach et al. , 1984). Therefore, the relative attractiveness or perceived value added of shopping facilities of a shopping area affects shoppers’ cross-border shopping decision.

The MindBody Connection Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

The Mind-Body Connection Essay, Research Paper The head has an unbelievable power. We see it as we go through our mundane activities, invariably exposing the admirations of logic, idea, memory and creativeness. Yet, can the head be more powerful than we know? Is it possible to cut down or even extinguish hurting, unwellness and disease by utilizing the natural powers it possesses? Can the head heal? Many of our finest research workers and scientists have explored that inquiry, and while the exact reply still eludes us, the facts seem to bear out that the head does hold the power to help in both healing, and conversely, conveying on disease as good. Two such illustrations of head and organic structure mending are hypnotherapy and speculation. There are others such as ionisation, which focal points on believing positive alternatively of negative. But first, I will depict the concluding behind the mind-body connexion. Psychoneuroimmunology is the name for the survey of the min-body connexion, or PNI for short. PNI has been around for the last 20 old ages or so and has revolutionized the manner we look at wellness and health. There was a point in human being when the connexion between the head and the organic structure was taken for granted. A twosome of centuries ago, scientific discipline had grown to understand the mechanical existence construct. The Torahs of Sir Newton and the scientific discipline of natural philosophies had begun to infiltrate the scientific discipline of medical specialty. If the existence followed mechanical Torahs, so might the organic structure. To turn out this theory, scientists needed to open a organic structure up to detect how it worked. The Church was really inexorable about the organic structure being the temple of the psyche and could neer be desecrated. After much higgling and several smoke-filled dorsum room treatments, an understanding was reached. The Church would keep it? s legal power over the head for that is were the personality and psyche genuinely resides and scientific discipline could hold the organic structure, which is merely a machine for the head and upon decease, would go merely an empty vas. Fostering the rift, more recent scientific discipline has discovered that specific diseases can be cured through specific medicative expression or drugs. This charming slug outlook spread throughout medical specialty and scientific discipline. Truly the organic structure was a mechanical thing that responded to specific stimulation and could be counted on to react the same manner every clip. Fantastic intelligence, the organic structure did non respond as intended. Science has tried to brush aside or explicate away this phenomenon Y stating, Oh, it? s merely the placebo consequence or It? s self-generated remittal every bit good as other innocuous footings apparently to decrease it? s importance. It is human nature when something is non understood to either disregard it, diminish it or disregard it all together. This hunt to seek out replies to this reoccurring phenomenon is the footing for PNI, the manner the mind-body connexion is made and how we can use it for greater wellness and wellbeing. Over the past decennary, we have come a long manner in understanding the psycho-biology of mind-body communicating and the mental/emotional procedures involved. To Begin with, most of us have a basic apprehension of how psycho-biology communicating occurs through the nervous system. Messages are transmitted through electrical urges along a system of nervousnesss that connect the encephalon to every system, organ, secretory organ, musculus, etc.. When we want to raise our arm, the specific signals race along the nervousnesss to the needed musculuss, ligaments, etc. , in order to carry through the undertaking. There is, besides, the autonomic nervous system that sends the electrical urges automatically, without witting idea, to such parts as the bosom, lungs, digestive piece of land, etc.. That manner we don? Ts have to worry about things like burying to hold our bosom round. There is another aspect to this apparently automatic activity. The autonomic immune system . The immune system cells, which free-float throughout our organic structures, act all on their ain, automatically. When you get an infection, the immune system boots in and takes attention of the job. How do they cognize when to travel into action? New research is indicating that there is another unfastened line of communicating. A biochemical, molecular codification that is transmitted to each cell. This codification is in the signifier of endocrines or neuroceptides. Each cell of the organic structure has receptors for these neuroceptides. The codification contained in the peptide is so communicated to the cell. The cell so acts harmonizing to this communicating, merely like a musculus Acts of the Apostless harmonizing to the signals it receives. The cell so sends biochemical responses back into the system. This allows for the bipartisan communicating non merely between itself and the encephalon, but besides between itself and other cells. This shows itself openly the well coordinated immune cells assailing an invading bacterium. Communication is paramount to a successful immune system defence. This biochemical connexion must besides hold a direct nexus to the head. Research workers have found that nexus. If you were to pull a line through your caput get downing merely behind your ear traveling to merely behind the other ear, at the center of that line you would happen a clip-clop of secretory organs and blood vass called the Limbic-Hypothalamic System which consists of the limbic system, hypothalamus and the pituitary secretory organ. The connexion plants this manner. A mental/emotional province issues within the head, the head transmits the image of that province through the nervous system and to the Limbic-Hypothalamic system. Every system, organ, secretory organ, fiber and cell of the organic structure receives the message. Then they each act harmonizing to the message. To exemplify a point, a university survey was done on the immune system of individuals whose long-run spouse had late died. Having factored out all other impacting stimulation but heartache, it was discovered that the immune system in the province of deep heartache operated at 70 % lessening of activity. In other words, the immune system was running at merely 30 % . That can explicate why the widowed partner, who was neer sick in their life, would decease of pneumonia or such related disease, 6 months after their partner? s decease. You know yourself, how emotions can hike your energy degree or run out it to about nil. The images and experiences that we fill our head with, acquire communicated and so translated physically. This is how emphasis operates. The major stressors ( like occupation loss, decease, divorce and etc. ) while holding a important consequence, are non the major perpetrator of stress related wellness jobs. It seems that the small stressors ( like being late for work, a auto cutting you off on the freeway, etc. ) have more consequence on us physically. The theory is that the small stressors are judged to be of small or no importance, so we tend to disregard their consequence. All those small defeats, unc onsciously remain defeats even when they are disregarded long ago to our witting consciousness. They linger on and their effects neer diminish. All the images we carry with us are communicated to all parts of our organic structure all the clip. You tell yourself something frequently plenty, you will get down believing it. The organic structure hears that you wear? Ts have a leg to stand on , or you? re death of malignant neoplastic disease , or that statement you had with your parents twenty old ages ago is still eating off at you. It will so react to that communicating. If you have an internal image of I merely seem to take clip off when I? m sick , your organic structure will do you vomit when you need that clip off. You can be certain your organic structure will give you what you expect. Think negative and bad things can go on, believe positive and good things can go on. It? s all within the head and organic structure connexion. Now we understand the communicating between the head and organic structure, allow? s travel back to how the head can help the organic structure in mending. One method of carry throughing that is through hypnotherapy. Hypnotherapy is the reconditioning of certain sensory reactions to the stimulation of anxiousness so that physiological symptoms such as ulcers and concerns will non be produced. Accustomed reactions of the patient are altered under hypnosis. After the healer has changed the patient? s anxiety-producing esthesis system, the topic is trained in the usage of the new responses in life outside therapy. The jobs that hypnotherapy is best placed to assist with, autumn into ideas and thoughts, feelings and wonts. Peoples can endure from ideas of low self-esteem, or obsessional ideas about person or something. They may non be able to acquire out of their heads the thought that they are enduring from an unwellness. Hypnotherapy can assist the individual to alteration such thoughts. Sort of like changing the head. Other people can endure from a broad scope of straitening feelings, such as terror onslaughts, anxiousness, green-eyed monster, guilt, choler and insufficiency. Whatever the job feeling, hypnotherapy can cover with it more specifically than can a drug and without side effects. On the other manus, people can happen themselves in the clasp of many wonts that they seem unable to command, from something like cliff-hanging or smoke to more deep-rooted irresistible impulses. Hypnotherapy, utilizing hypnotic techniques, can assist to take wonts with preciseness and a freedom from side effects. There is of class, a considerable fluctuation in the trouble of the assorted jobs, and at that place is no general regulation which makes it possible to state how much betterment can be achieved and in how much clip. The simpler jobs can at times be overcome wholly in one session ; hypnosis can be highly effectual. More profoundly rooted jobs may take longer. On the contrary, speculation is taking the clip to acquire in touch with our true nature. It is a simple attempt that becomes effortless as we do it more and more. True attempt comes in merely taking the clip out of our feverish lives. The remainder is easy. When we foremost get down to chew over, our heads resist. We are used to a changeless yak in our heads. Our ideas are frequently uncontrolled. We worry about our occupations, fundss, relationships, out to make list, and the list goes on. All of this belongs to the physical universe. The pattern of speculation helps us temporarily allow the physical universe go so we can get down to see ourselves as we truly are? religious existences. Meditation helps us in many ways. You will Begin to detect some benefits right off, while others will happen bit by bit. Beyond the strictly physical benefits, which have been scientifically proven, meditators receive emotional and mental benefits as good as religious enrichment. When we meditate, we are focused merely on the experience of speculation. We are populating in the minute. There is no room for our concerns or frights. The emphasiss and tensenesss we have been transporting about are suspended. We become relaxed and are able to see interior peace and joy. Some of the consequences of speculation show we addition: increased lucidity of head, improved emotional wellbeing, increased felicity, increased intelligence, increased creativeness, improved memory and improved relationships. Meditation has been used successfully in the intervention and bar of high blood force per unit area, bosom disease, megrim concerns, and autoimmune diseases such as diabetes and arthritis. It has proved helpful in cut downing obsessional thought, anxiousness, depression and ill will. Learning to chew over takes merely a few proceedingss and your organic structure will instantly start to react. However, regular speculation is needed to derive the full benefits of speculation. With pattern your degree of relaxation will intensify. Your attending span will increase. You? ll become more skilled at life in the present minute. Many of the mental and religious facets of meditating will go evident over clip. This ability to mend ourselves prevarications within each of us. It is merely a affair of larning to pat to this unbelievable resource, to do the mind-body connexion, to make within ourselves and detect how much power we have over our organic structures and ourselves. This is what will finally take us all to a higher quality of life, true wellness, and health. I think the hereafter of the mind-body connexion is deriving a batch more regard than it used to. Conventional doctors want to larn a great trade on this phenomenon. Doctors and practicians are going cognizant that we, the patients, merely Don? T want conventional medical specialty any longer. We want to mend ourselves. To be able to utilize our head and organic structure to forestall disease and go a batch more cognizant of how our organic structures map. There is ever something that can be done to assist us better the quality of our life. Possibly even make paces toward stoping the status. By analyzing the self-images, understanding the manner we think and experience about the universe and how we tantrum into it, we can set them and alter the results, both mentally and physically. By understanding the procedure, we can take the necessary action to alter what we Don? T want and create what we do desire. Benson, Herbert. The Mind/Body Effect. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979. Bosworth, Patricia. Can the Mind truly mend the organic structure? Self Feb. 1996: 126- 129. Kelly, Sean F. , and Reid J. Kelly. Hypnosis: Understanding How It Can Work for You. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1985. Kwako, Jerome E. Ask your body-mind for healing. Northern Sun June 1997: 8. LaPatra, Jack. Healing: The coming revolution in holistic medical specialty. NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 1978. Mieszkowski, Martin. The Healing Mind. Wholestar Journal May 1996: 1-4. Mandelbaum-Schmid, Judith. Nebiims and Pioneers. Self Nov. 1996: 166-167. Weil, Andrew. The Natural Mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972.